THE DEFINITIONS HAVE BEEN WORKED OUT ON THE
BASIS OF THE ANALYSIS OF THE FOLLOWING DOCUMENTS:
(Debica)
Human rights are
divided into rights and freedoms
Human rights – the term “human rights” appeared in the
Enlightenment. It was used for the first time in an official document in Bill of
Rights in Wirginia in 1776., and meant rights primal to country and society.
In our times human
rights mean basic standards to which all humans are entitled because of being
humans. They are the same for everyone, without distinction as to race, sex,
religion or social bacground.
Human
freedoms are basic liberties of each human. Their characteristic feature is the
absence of interference of authorities with the sovereignty of an individual. They also mean lack of constraints, situations when we can make our own
choices from all available options, ex. freedom of expression,freedom of speech.
INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL OFFICIAL
DOCUMENTS REGARDING HUMAN RIGHTS- HISTORY
1.Magna Charta Libertatum, The Great Charter, an English legal charter originally
issued in the year 1215. by King John of England
Article
39. No freeman shall be arrested or imprisoned or
deprived of his freehold or outlawed or banished (...)
2.Habeas Corpus Act –an English bill from
1679 introduced at the times of King Charles II.
( it
guaranteed personal inviolability of an individual. Decision about imprisonment
could only by made by the court of law)
3.Bill of
Rights,
adopted in Wirginia on June 12, 1776r.
Congress
shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the
free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or
the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government
for a redress of grievances.
4. The United
States Constitution adopted on September 17, 1787.
Amendment I.Congress shall make no law respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or
abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people
peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of
grievances.
5.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen adopted on August 26, 1789 by the National
Constituent Assembly-France.
Article
XI - The free
communication of thoughts and of opinions is one of the most precious rights of
man: any citizen thus may speak freely (...)
6. The Constitution of May 3, 1791
generally recognized as Europe's first and the world's second modern codified
national constitution, following the 1787–90 ratification of the United States
Constitution
7. Constitution of the Duchy of Warsaw
passed by Napoleon in Dresden on July 22, 1807.
Article.2 Each religious part is free and public.
8. The Constitution of the Kingdom of
Poland granted to the 'Congress' Kingdom of Poland by tsar of Russia
Alexander I signed on November 27, 1815
Article.
17 Law protects all
citizens equally without any differences in condition and vocation
9. March
Costitution adopted by The Second Polish Republic on March 17, 1921
Article.104. Each citizen has got the right to express his
thoughts and opinions freely provided it does not break legal articles.
10. The April Constitution of Poland
-the general law passed by the act of the Polish Sejm on March 23, 1935, signed
by thePolish President on April 23, 1935.
Article.5. 2 The state guarantees its
citizens opportunity to develop their personal values and exercise freedom of
conscience, speech and essembly.
11. The Constitution of the Republic of Poland -
Poland’s current constitution, the most important Polish document.It was adopted
by the National Assembly on April 2, 1997, approved by a national referendum on
May 25, 1997, and came into effect on October 17, 1997.
Aricle.30.2 Everyone shall respect the freedoms and rights
of others. No one shall be compelled to do that which is not required by law.
12. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)-
adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948 in Paris.
Art.18. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion;
this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief (...)
13. The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union -a
document containing human rights provisions, ‘solemnly proclaimed’ by the
European Parliament, the Council of the European Union, and the European
Commission on December 7, 2000.
Article10. 1. Everyone
has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion.. This right
includes freedom to change religion or belief and freedom, either alone or in
community with others and in public or in private, to manifest religion or
belief (...)
14. The Convention for the Protection of Human
Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (also called the "European Convention on
Human Rights") adopted under the auspices of the Council of Europe in 1950 to
protect human rights and fundamental freedoms.
Article9.1 Everyone has the right to freedom of thought,
conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or
belief and freedom, either alone or in community with others (...)
15. The International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights -a United Nations treaty based on the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights created in 1966 and entered into force on 23
March1976.
Article 9.1.
1. Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be
subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention. No one shall be deprived of his
liberty except on such grounds and in accordance with such procedure as are
established by law.
16. The European Social Charter -guarantees social and economic human
rights,-adopted in 1961.
back